英语的五大基本时态及其句子结构如下：

一般现在时

结构:

动词原形（第三人称单数时加-s或-es）

例句:

She reads a book every night.

They often play football on weekends.

一般过去时

结构:

动词的过去式

例句:

He went to the store yesterday.

They played basketball last Sunday.

一般将来时

结构:

will + 动词原形

例句:

We will travel to Japan next year.

She will finish her homework soon.

现在进行时

结构:

be动词（am/is/are） + 动词的现在分词

例句:

I am studying English right now.

They are playing soccer at 5 pm.

现在完成时

结构:

have/has + 动词的过去分词

例句:

I have finished my homework.

They have been waiting for you for an hour.

这些时态主要用于描述不同时间背景下的动作或状态，选择合适的时态能使句子更加准确和生动。